Extreme Attack Techniques are Deployed by Corporations, Investor Groups and Political Groups as shown in the documentation at link below:
How Washington DC Politicos Have Reporters “HIT” and Intimidated!
How Washington DC Politicos Have Reporters “HIT” and Intimidated!
Character assassinationFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This article relies largely or entirely upon a single source. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources. (December 2011)Character assassination is a deliberate and sustained process that aims to destroy the credibility and reputation of a person, institution, social group, or nation.[1]
Agents of character assassinations employ a mix of open and covert methods to achieve their goals, such as raising false accusations, planting and fostering rumours, and manipulating information.
Character assassination is an attempt to tarnish a person's reputation. It may involve exaggeration, misleading half-truths, or manipulation of facts to present an untrue picture of the targeted person. It is a form of defamation and can be a form of ad hominem argument.
For living individuals targeted by character assassination attempts, this may result in being rejected by his community, family, or members of his or her living or work environment. Such acts are often difficult to reverse or rectify, and the process is likened to a literal assassination of a human life. The damage sustained can last a lifetime or, for historical figures, for many centuries after their death.
In practice, character assassination may involve doublespeak, spreading of rumours, innuendo or deliberate misinformation on topics relating to the subject's morals, integrity, and reputation. It may involve spinning information that is technically true, but that is presented in a misleading manner or is presented without the necessary context. For example, it might be said that a person refused to pay any income tax during a specific year, without saying that no tax was actually owed due to the person having no income that year, or that a person was sacked from a firm, even though he may have been made redundant through no fault of his own, rather than being terminated for cause.
Contents [hide]
In politics[edit]In politics, perhaps the most common form of character assassination is the spread of allegations that a candidate is a liar. Other common themes may include allegations that the candidate is a bad or unpopular member of his family, has a bad relationship with his spouse or children or is not respected by his colleagues. Another theme claims that the person routinely engages in disturbing, socially unacceptable behavior, such as sexual deviancy. The person may also be portrayed as holding beliefs widely considered despicable within society, such as supporting racismor other forms of bigotry.
Charging an opponent with character assassination may have political benefits. In the hearings for Clarence Thomas' nomination to the Supreme Court of the United States, supporters claimed that both Clarence Thomas and Anita Hill were victims of character assassination.[2]
The International Society for the Study of Character Assassination (ISSCA) specializes in the academic study and research of how character attacks and assassinations have been executed in both history and during contemporary times.[3]
Character assassination in a totalitarian regime[edit]The effect of a character assassination driven by an individual is not equal to that of a state-driven campaign. The state-sponsored destruction of reputations, fostered by political propaganda and cultural mechanisms, can have more far-reaching consequences. One of the earliest signs of a society’s compliance to loosening the reins on the perpetration of crimes (and even massacres) with total impunity is when a government favors or directly encourages a campaign aimed at destroying the dignity and reputation of its adversaries, and the public accepts its allegations without question. The mobilisation toward ruining the reputation of adversaries is the prelude to the mobilisation of violence in order to annihilate them. Official dehumanisation has always preceded the physical assault of the victims.[1]
See also[edit]
Readings involving character assassination in the modern period:
This article relies largely or entirely upon a single source. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources. (December 2011)Character assassination is a deliberate and sustained process that aims to destroy the credibility and reputation of a person, institution, social group, or nation.[1]
Agents of character assassinations employ a mix of open and covert methods to achieve their goals, such as raising false accusations, planting and fostering rumours, and manipulating information.
Character assassination is an attempt to tarnish a person's reputation. It may involve exaggeration, misleading half-truths, or manipulation of facts to present an untrue picture of the targeted person. It is a form of defamation and can be a form of ad hominem argument.
For living individuals targeted by character assassination attempts, this may result in being rejected by his community, family, or members of his or her living or work environment. Such acts are often difficult to reverse or rectify, and the process is likened to a literal assassination of a human life. The damage sustained can last a lifetime or, for historical figures, for many centuries after their death.
In practice, character assassination may involve doublespeak, spreading of rumours, innuendo or deliberate misinformation on topics relating to the subject's morals, integrity, and reputation. It may involve spinning information that is technically true, but that is presented in a misleading manner or is presented without the necessary context. For example, it might be said that a person refused to pay any income tax during a specific year, without saying that no tax was actually owed due to the person having no income that year, or that a person was sacked from a firm, even though he may have been made redundant through no fault of his own, rather than being terminated for cause.
Contents [hide]
In politics[edit]In politics, perhaps the most common form of character assassination is the spread of allegations that a candidate is a liar. Other common themes may include allegations that the candidate is a bad or unpopular member of his family, has a bad relationship with his spouse or children or is not respected by his colleagues. Another theme claims that the person routinely engages in disturbing, socially unacceptable behavior, such as sexual deviancy. The person may also be portrayed as holding beliefs widely considered despicable within society, such as supporting racismor other forms of bigotry.
Charging an opponent with character assassination may have political benefits. In the hearings for Clarence Thomas' nomination to the Supreme Court of the United States, supporters claimed that both Clarence Thomas and Anita Hill were victims of character assassination.[2]
The International Society for the Study of Character Assassination (ISSCA) specializes in the academic study and research of how character attacks and assassinations have been executed in both history and during contemporary times.[3]
Character assassination in a totalitarian regime[edit]The effect of a character assassination driven by an individual is not equal to that of a state-driven campaign. The state-sponsored destruction of reputations, fostered by political propaganda and cultural mechanisms, can have more far-reaching consequences. One of the earliest signs of a society’s compliance to loosening the reins on the perpetration of crimes (and even massacres) with total impunity is when a government favors or directly encourages a campaign aimed at destroying the dignity and reputation of its adversaries, and the public accepts its allegations without question. The mobilisation toward ruining the reputation of adversaries is the prelude to the mobilisation of violence in order to annihilate them. Official dehumanisation has always preceded the physical assault of the victims.[1]
See also[edit]
- Mudslinging
- Black propaganda
- Fair Game (Scientology)
- Pittura infamante
- McCarthyism
- Hollywood blacklist
- Damnatio memoriae
- Smear campaign
- Personal attack
- ^ Jump up to:a b Rojas, Rafael: Blanco, Juan Antonio; de Aragon, Uva; Montaner, Carlos Alberto; Faya, Ana Julia; Lupi, Gordiano (2012). Ready, Aim, Fire! Character Assassination in Cuba. Miami: Eriginal Books. p. 12. ISBN 978-1-61370-974-0.
- Jump up^ Walkowitz, Rebecca L.; Garber, Marjorie B.; Matlock, Jann (1993). Media spectacles. New York: Routledge. p. 32. ISBN 0-415-90751-9.
- Jump up^ http://characterattack.files.wordpress.com/
Readings involving character assassination in the modern period:
- Benz, Wolfgang, Feindbild und Vorurteil (München 1996)
- Fiebig-von Hase, Ragnhild & Ursula Lehmkuhl (eds.), Enemy Images in American History (Providence – Oxford 1997)
- Frei, Daniel, Feindbilder und Abrüstung. Die gegenseitige Einschätzung der UdSSR und der USA (Munich 1985)
- Goldstein, Robert Justin, Censorship of Political Caricature in Nineteenth-Century France (Kent, Ohio 1989)
- Hahn, Hans Henning (ed.), Historische Stereotypenforschung. Methodische Überlegungen und empirische Befunde (Oldenburg 1995)
- Hahn, Hans Henning (ed.), Nationale Wahrnehmungen und ihre Stereotypisierung (Frankfurt am Main 2007)
- Halfin, Yigal, Intimate Enemies: Demonizing the Bolshevik Opposition, 1918-1928 (Pittsburgh 2007)
- Hannover, Heinrich, Politische Diffamierung der Opposition im freiheitlich-demokratischen Rechtsstaat(Dortmund 1962)
- Neu, Jerome, Sticks and Stones: The Philosophy of Insults (Oxford – New York 2008)
- Jeismann, Michael, Das Vaterland der Feinde. Studien zum nationalen Feindbegriff und Selbstverständnis in Deutschland und Frankreich 1792 – 1918 (Stuttgart 1992)
- Keen, Sam, Faces of the Enemy (1986)
- Plum, Angelika, Die Karikatur im Spannungsfeld von Kunstgeschichte und Politikwissenschaft. Eine ikonologische Untersuchung zu Feindbildern in Karikaturen (Aachen 1998)
- Reichardt, Sven, ‘Feindbild und Fremdheit – Bemerkungen zu ihrer Wirkung, Bedeutung und Handlungsmacht’, in: Benjamin Ziemann (ed.), Perspektiven der Historischen Friedensforschung (Essen 2002) 250-271
- Satjukow, Silke & Rainer Gries (eds.), Unsere Feinde. Konstruktionen des Anderen im Sozialismus (Leipzig 2004)
- Schultz, Cindy & S. Mark Pancer, ‘Character attacks and their effects on perceptions of male and female political candidates’, Political Psychology 18-1 (1997) 93-102
- Walton, Douglas, Media Argumentation: Dialectic, Persuasion, and Rhetoric (Cambridge 2007)
- Bargh, J. A. (1997). The automaticity of everyday life. In R. S. Wyer Jr. (Ed.), The automaticity of everyday life:Advances in Social Cognition, vol. 10 (pp. 1-61). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
- Davis, Jerome (1950) Character Assassination . New York: Philosophical Library,1950
- Davis, Michael L., and Michael Ferrantino (1996). Towards a positive theory of political rhetoric:
- Why do politicians lie? Public Choice 88: 1-13.
- DeFrank, Thomas (2007). Write it when I am gone. Putnam Adult
- Dolan, Kathleen and Holbrook, Thomas M. (2001). Knowing versus Caring: The Role of Affect and Cognition in Political Perceptions Kathleen Source: Political Psychology, Vol. 22, No. 1, pp. 27-44
- Bloch, S., Reddaway, P. (1977) Psychiatric Terror: How Soviet Psychiatry Is Used to Suppress Dissent. New York, Basic Books, 1977.
- Davidson J.R, Connor K.M., Swartz M. (2006). Mental Illness in U.S. Presidents between 1776 and 1974: a review of biographical sources. The Journal of nervous and mental disease. January, 1941: 47-51.
- Doron, Gideon, and Uri On (1983). A rational choice model of campaign strategy. In Asher
- Arian, ed., The Elections in Israel, 1981. Tel Aviv: Ramot Publishing.
- Frank, Justin (2007). Bush on the Couch Rev Ed: Inside the Mind of the President. NY: Harper
- Fraser, Steven (1993). Labor Will Rule: Sidney Hillman and the Rise of American Labor, Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
- Kinder, D. R. (1986). Presidential character revisited. In R. R. Lau & D. O. Sears (Eds.), Political Cognition (pp. 233-255). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
- LeDoux, J. E. (2000). Emotion circuits in the brain. In Annual Reviews Neuroscience (Vol. 23, pp. 155–184). Palo Alto: Annual Reviews
- Levy, Paul (2006). The Madness of George W. Bush: A Reflection of Our Collective Psychosis. Authorhouse.
- Lodge, M., and Steenbergen, M. (1995). The responsive voter: Campaign information and the dynamics of candidate evaluation. American Political Science Review, 89, 309-326.
- Marcus, George E.; Sullivan, John L.; Theiss-Morse, Elizabeth; Stevens, Daniel. (2005). The Emotional Foundation of Political Cognition: The Impact of Extrinsic Anxiety on the Formation of Political Tolerance Judgments. By: Political Psychology, Vol. 26 Issue 6, p949-963,
- Mathews, Nieves (1996). Francis Bacon: The History of a Character Assassination. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press
- McGraw, Kathleen M., Edward Hasecke, Kimberly Conger (2003). Ambivalence, Uncertainty, and Processes of Candidate Evaluation Author(s): Source: Political Psychology, Vol. 24, No. 3, pp. 421-448
- Morris, James P., Nancy K. Squires, Charles S. Taber, Milton Lodge (2003). Activation of Political Attitudes: A Psychophysiological Examination of the Hot Cognition Hypothesis Source: Political Psychology, Vol. 24, No. 4, Special Issue: Neuroscientific Contributions to Political Psychology, Vol 24., Dec., pp. 727-745
- Munro Robin. (2000). Judicial psychiatry in China and its political abuses. Columbia Journal of Asian Law 14:1-125
- Pierce, Patrick A. (1993) Political Sophistication and the Use of Candidate Traits in Candidate Evaluation.Political Psychology, Vol. 14, No. 1, (Mar., 1993), pp. 21-35
- Pancer, S. Mark, Steven D. Brown, Cathy Widdis Barr (1999). Forming Impressions of Political Leaders: A Cross-National Comparison. Political Psychology, Vol. 20, No. 2, (Jun., 1999), pp. 345-368
- Riker, William H. (1996). The Strategy of Rhetoric: Campaigning for the American Constitution.
- New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
- Shlapentokh, Vladimir. (1986). Soviet Public Opinion and Ideology. New York: Praeger.
- Schultz, Cindy and Pancer, S. Mark (1997) Character Attacks and Their Effects on Perceptions of Male and Female Political Candidates Author(s): Source: Political Psychology, Vol. 18, No. 1, (Mar., 1997), pp. 93-102
- Sigelman, Lee and Mark Kugler Source. Why Is Research on the Effects of Negative Campaigning so Inconclusive? Understanding Citizens’ Perceptions of Negativity (2003). The Journal of Politics, Vol. 65, No. 1, pp. 142-160
- Simonton, Dean (2006). Presidential IQ openness, Intellectual Brilliance, and Leadership: Estimates and Correlations for 42 U.S. Chief Executives. Political Psychology. 27, 4, 511-526.
- Skaperdas, Stergios, and Bernard Grofman (1995). Modeling negative campaigning. American Political Science Review 89: 49-61.
- Soviet Archives at Info-Russ collected by Vladimir Bukovsky, prepared for electronic publishing by Julia Zaks and Leonid Chernikhov http://psi.ece.jhu.edu/~kaplan/IRUSS/BUK/GBARC/buk.html
- Zaller, J. R., & Feldman, S. (1992). A simple theory of the survey response: Answering questions versus revealing preferences. American Journal of Political Science, 36, 579-616.
- Psychiatric archive: http://psi.ece.jhu.edu/~kaplan/IRUSS/BUK/GBARC/pdfs/psychiat/psy-eng.html
